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Arabian wolf

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Arabian wolf
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species:
C. lupus
Subspecies:
C. l. arabs
Trinomial name
Canis lupus arabs
Pocock, 1934[3]
Arabian wolf range

The Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs) is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the Arabian Peninsula—to the west of Bahrain, as well as Oman, southern Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. It is also found in Israel’s Negev and Arava Deserts, Jordan, Palestine, and Egypt's Sinai Peninsula. It is the smallest gray wolf subspecies and a specialized xerocole (arid-adapted) animal that normally lives in smaller familial packs. Arabian wolves are omnivorous and opportunistic eaters; they consume small to medium-sized prey, from insects, reptiles and birds to rodents and small ungulates, such as young Nubian ibex and several species of gazelle (Arabian, goitered, Dorcas, and mountain gazelles).[4]

Taxonomy

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Once thought to be synonymous with C. l. pallipes (the Indian wolf), the Arabian wolf was designated Canis lupus arabs by the British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock in 1934.[5] Pocock noted its smaller skull and smaller size.[6] In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus the subspecies Canis lupus arabs.[7] A 2014 study suggests that genetically the Arabian wolf is closer to C. l. lupus than it is to C. l. pallipes and supports the subspecies designation C. l. arabs.[8] There has been admixture with domestic dogs, but it is unclear whether this is why this wolf is genetically closer to C. l. lupus.[8] This raises a concern of extinction by hybridization as Arabian wolves are more adapted to desert life than wolf/dog hybrids.[9]

In Israel and Palestine, there is some disagreement as to the exact taxonomic status of wolves. Some scientists hold that two subspecies of wolf are present: C. l. pallipes in the northern parts and C. l. arabs in the south. They point out that the southern wolves are smaller than the northern wolves, which are also darker and have longer fur.[10] Other scientists consider the wolf in the area to be C. l. arabs, with no real distinction between northern and southern wolves.[4] As in other countries, there is interbreeding with feral dogs, which adds an element of uncertainty.[11]

Admixture with other Canis species

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In 2018, whole genome sequencing was used to compare members of the genus Canis. The study found evidence of gene flow between African golden wolves, golden jackals, and grey wolves (from Saudi Arabia and Syria). One African golden wolf from the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula showed high admixture with the Middle Eastern grey wolves and dogs, highlighting the role of the land bridge between the African and Eurasian continents in canid evolution. The African golden wolf was found to be the descendant of a genetically admixed canid of 72% grey wolf and 28% Ethiopian wolf ancestry.[12]

Description

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Wolf at Al Ain Zoo, the UAE

The Arabian wolf is one of the smallest subspecies of wolf. It stands on average 25–26 inches (64–66 cm) at shoulder height[13] and the adult weighs an average of 45 pounds (20.41 kg).[14] The cranial length of the adult Arabian wolf measures on average 200.8 mm (0.659 ft), which is smaller than most wolves.[15] Along with the Indian wolf, it is probably smaller than other wolves to help it adapt to life in a hot, dry climate.[16] This is an example of Bergmann's rule, where mammal size varies by the warmth of their environment. Its ears are proportionally larger in relation to its body size when compared to other sub-species of Canis lupus, an adaptation probably developed to help disperse body heat (Allen's Rule).[17]

They have a short thin coat which is usually a grayish beige color,[18] "... a mixture of black and slightly buffy grey" according to Pocock.[6] Melanistic (dark) Arabian wolves have been recorded in Saudi Arabia's western highlands.[19] Similar to other canines, the Arabian wolf does not have sweat glands and so it must control its body temperature by rapid panting, which causes evaporation from the lungs.[20] Occasionally the pads of the third and fourth toes are fused in the back; a feature which differentiates its tracks from a dog's.[21] It is distinguished from the Indian wolf by its smaller skull, smaller size and thinner coat.[18]

Behavior and Ecology

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Female head and shoulders

Behavior

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Arabian wolves do not usually live in large packs, and instead hunt in pairs or in groups of about three or four animals.[22][23] They are most frequently active around water sources at sunrise and mid-afternoon.[24] However, they more commonly travel at night. Due to food availability, Arabian wolves often associate with human settlements.[25]

Diet

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Arabian wolves are mainly carnivorous, but also omnivorous and in some areas largely dependent on human garbage and excess products.[23] Their native prey includes ungulates such as Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), gazelles (Genus Gazella), and Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus onager), as well as smaller animals like hares, rodents, small birds, and reptiles.[25][26] They also eat cats, sweet fruits, roadkill and other carrion.[27] Opportunistically, almost any small animal including fish, snails, baby baboons can be part of their diet.[28] Because Arabian wolves can attack and eat any domestic animals up to the size of a goat, pastoral Bedouins and other farmers will often shoot, poison, or trap them.[29]

Other wildlife interactions

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There is at least one case in Israel of a striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) associating and cooperating with a wolf pack. It is proposed that this is a case of mutualism: the hyena could benefit from the wolves' superior ability to hunt large, agile prey. The wolves could benefit from the hyena's superior sense of smell, to locate and dig out tortoises, to crack open large bones, and to tear open discarded food containers like tin cans.[30]

As with other wolf subspecies, Arabian wolves can facilitate a trophic cascade by suppressing smaller carnivores such as golden jackals (Canis aureus) and foxes (Genus Vulpes). This allows smaller herbivores to become more abundant.[31] Arabian wolves compete with other carnivores including the caracal (Caracal caracal) and Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr).[32] Historically they also competed with the Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), but this species is now extinct within the Arabian wolf's range.[26]

Range and conservation

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An Arabian wolf in the Arava desert, southern Israel
See also: Al Hefaiyah Conservation Centre

The Arabian wolf was once found throughout the Arabian Peninsula, but now lives only in small pockets in southern Israel,[33] Palestine,[34] Oman,[26] Yemen, Jordan,[35] Saudi Arabia,[36] and some parts of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.[37] It is rare throughout most of its range because of human persecution.[23] There is connectivity between the wolf populations of Egypt, Israel, and Jordan as wolves often cross borders between these countries.[26]

In Oman, wolf populations have increased because of a ban on hunting, and they may naturally re-establish themselves in certain places within the region in the relatively near term.[38]

In Israel, between 100 and 150 Arabian wolves are found across the Negev and the Arava. The population is stable, as prey is abundant and much of the land is undeveloped and protected as nature reserves.[4][33] They find additional food and water in agricultural areas near human settlements.[39] They are strongly protected under Israel's 1955 Wildlife Protection Law.[40]

The United Arab Emirates and Egypt both have a captive breeding program, and the wolf is protected in Oman and Israel, but in Saudi Arabia, the wolf is protected in places and still exists in places with sparse human activity.[29]

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canis lupus arabs.
Wikispecies has information related to Canis lupus arabs.
  1. ^ "Arabian Peninsula Red List" (PDF).
  2. ^ "Arabian Wolf Or Desert Wolf" (PDF). ukwct.org.uk.
  3. ^ Pocock, R.I. (1934). "LXVI.—Preliminary diagnoses of some new races of South Arabian mammals". Journal of Natural History. Series 10. 14 (84): 635–636. doi:10.1080/00222933408654939.
  4. ^ a b c Hefner, R.; Geffen, E. (1999). "Group Size and Home Range of the Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus) in Southern Israel". Journal of Mammalogy. 80 (2): 611–619. doi:10.2307/1383305. ISSN 1545-1542. JSTOR 1383305.
  5. ^ Pocock, R.I. (1934). "LXVI.—Preliminary diagnoses of some new races of South Arabian mammals". Journal of Natural History Series 10. 14 (84): 635. doi:10.1080/00222933408654939.
  6. ^ a b Pocock, R.I. (1935). "XLII.—The mammals collected in S.E. Arabia by Mr. Bertram Thomas and Mr. H. St. J. Philby". Journal of Natural History. Series 10. 15 (88): 441–467. doi:10.1080/00222933508654985. ISSN 0374-5481.
  7. ^ Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (29 January 2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801882210. Retrieved 29 January 2022 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ a b Bray, Timothy C.; Mohammed, Osama Badri; Butynski, Thomas M.; Wronski, Torsten; Sandouka, Mohamed Abdelkader; Alagaili, Abdulaziz Nasser (2014). "Genetic variation and subspecific status of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in Saudi Arabia". Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 79 (6): 409–413. Bibcode:2014MamBi..79..409B. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2014.06.005. ISSN 1616-5047.
  9. ^ Chris Barichievy; Shayne Clugston; Robert Sheldon. "Field report : Association between an Arabian wolf and a domestic dog in central Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Canids.org. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  10. ^ Heinrich Mendelssohn; Y. Yom-Tov (1999). Mammalia of Israel. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. ISBN 978-965-208-145-2.
  11. ^ Heinrich Mendelssohn; Y. Yom-Tov (1999). Mammalia of Israel. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. p. 188. ISBN 978-965-208-145-2.
  12. ^ Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Niemann, Jonas; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Vieira, Filipe G.; Carøe, Christian; Montero, Marc de Manuel; Kuderna, Lukas; Serres, Aitor; González-Basallote, Víctor Manuel; Liu, Yan-Hu; Wang, Guo-Dong; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Mirarab, Siavash; Fernandes, Carlos; Gaubert, Philippe; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Budd, Jane; Rueness, Eli Knispel; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Bachmann, Lutz; Wiig, Øystein; Hansen, Anders J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2018). "Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus Canis". Current Biology. 28 (21): 3441–3449.e5. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E3441G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.041. PMC 6224481. PMID 30344120.
  13. ^ "Life and behaviour of wolves : The Arabian or Desert Wolf" (PDF). Ukwct.org.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  14. ^ Lopez, B. (2004). Of Wolves and Men. Scribner. p. 18. ISBN 978-0743249362.
  15. ^ Walker, Brett (2008). The Lost Wolves of Japan. University of Washington Press, Seattle. p. 53. ISBN 9780295988146.
  16. ^ T. K. Fuller (2004). Wolves of the World. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-89658-640-6.
  17. ^ Mills, Clarence A. (1945). "Influence of Environmental Temperatures on Warm-Blooded Animals". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 46 (1 Animal Colony): 97–105. Bibcode:1945NYASA..46...97M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1945.tb36162.x. ISSN 0077-8923. S2CID 84266753.
  18. ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1935). "The Races of Canis lupus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 105 (3): 647–686. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1935.tb01687.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
  19. ^ Zafar-ul Islam, M.; Boug, Ahmed; Shehri, Abdullah; da Silva, Lucas Gonçalves (2019-04-03). "Geographic distribution patterns of melanistic Arabian Wolves, Canis lupus arabs (Pocock), in Saudi Arabia (Mammalia: Carnivora)". Zoology in the Middle East. 65 (2): 95–103. doi:10.1080/09397140.2019.1580931. ISSN 0939-7140. S2CID 92150720.
  20. ^ Harrington & Paquet 1983.
  21. ^ Walter W. Ferguson; Susan Menache (2002). The Mammals of Israel. BERTRAMS p. 73. ISBN 978-965-229-278-0.
  22. ^ Natural Emirates: Wildlife and Environment of the United Arab Emirates. Trident Press Ltd. 1996. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-1-900724-02-9.
  23. ^ a b c Hefner, R.; Geffen, E. (1999). "Group Size and Home Range of the Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus) in Southern Israel". Journal of Mammalogy. 80 (2): 611–619. ISSN 1545-1542. doi:10.2307/1383305.
  24. ^ Edwards, Sarah; Al Awaji, Malik; Eid, Ehab; Attum, Omar (2017-06-01). "Mammalian activity at artificial water sources in Dana Biosphere Reserve, southern Jordan". Journal of Arid Environments. 141: 52–55. Bibcode:2017JArEn.141...52E. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.01.015. ISSN 0140-1963.
  25. ^ a b Barocas, A.; Hefner, R.; Ucko, M.; Merkle, J. A.; Geffen, E. (October 2018). "Behavioral adaptations of a large carnivore to human activity in an extremely arid landscape". Animal Conservation. 21 (5): 433–443. Bibcode:2018AnCon..21..433B. doi:10.1111/acv.12414. S2CID 91922916.
  26. ^ a b c d Bonsen, Gavin T.; Wallach, Arian D.; Ben-Ami, Dror; Keynan, Oded; Khalilieh, Anton; Dahdal, Yara; Ramp, Daniel (2024-08-01). "Navigating complex geopolitical landscapes: Challenges in conserving the endangered Arabian wolf". Biological Conservation. 296: 110655. Bibcode:2024BCons.29610655B. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110655. ISSN 0006-3207.
  27. ^ Heinrich Mendelssohn; Y. Yom-Tov (1999). Mammalia of Israel. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. ISBN 978-965-208-145-2. PG. 186
  28. ^ S. Biquand; V. Urios; A. Baoug; C. Vila; J. Castroviejo; I. Nader (1994). "Fishes as diet of a wolf (Canis lupus arabs) in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Mammalia. 58 (3): 492–494. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-28. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  29. ^ a b "Arabian wolf distribution update from Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  30. ^ Dinets, V.; Eligulashvili, Beniamin (2016). "Striped Hyaenas (Hyaena hyaena) in Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) packs: cooperation, commensalism or singular aberration?". Zoology in the Middle East. 62: 85–87. doi:10.1080/09397140.2016.1144292. S2CID 85957777.
  31. ^ Bonsen, Gavin T.; Wallach, Arian D.; Ben-Ami, Dror; Keynan, Oded; Khalilieh, Anton; Shanas, Uri; Wooster, Eamonn I. F.; Ramp, Daniel (2022-08-01). "Tolerance of wolves shapes desert canid communities in the Middle East". Global Ecology and Conservation. 36: e02139. Bibcode:2022GEcoC..3602139B. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02139. ISSN 2351-9894.
  32. ^ Zafar-ul Islam, M.; Volmer, Rebbeka; al Boug, Ahmed; Shehri, Abdullah as; Gavashelishvili, Alexander (2020-04-02). "Modelling the effect of competition for prey and poaching on the population of the Arabian Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr, in Saudi Arabia (Mammalia: Felidae)". Zoology in the Middle East. 66 (2): 95–106. doi:10.1080/09397140.2020.1757911. S2CID 219088859.
  33. ^ a b Cohen, Orly; Barocas, Adi; Geffen, Eli (2013). "Conflicting management policies for the Arabian wolf Canis lupus arabs in the Negev Desert: is this justified?". Oryx. 47 (2): 228–236. doi:10.1017/S0030605311001797. ISSN 0030-6053.
  34. ^ Albaba, Imadeddin (2016). "The terrestrial mammals of Palestine: A preliminary checklist". International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies. 3 (4): 28–35.
  35. ^ Bunain, Fayez; Hatough, Aia; Ababaneh, Derar; Yousef, Mohamet & Amr, Zuhair (2001). "The Carnivores of the Northeastern Badia, Jordan" (PDF). Turkish Journal of Zoology. 25: 19–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  36. ^ Bray, Timothy C.; Mohammed, Osama Badri; Butynski, Thomas M.; Wronski, Torsten; Sandouka, Mohamed Abdelkader; Alagaili, Abdulaziz Nasser (2014). "Genetic variation and subspecific status of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in Saudi Arabia". Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 79 (6): 409–413. ISSN 1616-5047. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2014.06.005.
  37. ^ Gecchele, Lisa V.; Bremner-Harrison, Samantha; Gilbert, Francis; Soultan, Alaaeldin; Davison, Angus; Durrant, Kate L. (2017). "A pilot study to survey the carnivore community in the hyper-arid environment of South Sinai mountains" (PDF). Journal of Arid Environments. 141: 16–24. Bibcode:2017JArEn.141...16G. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.01.009. ISSN 0140-1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2019-07-07.
  38. ^ Natural Emirates: Wildlife and Environment of the United Arab Emirates. Trident Press Ltd. 1996. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-1-900724-02-9.
  39. ^ Lewin, Amir; Erinjery, Joseph J.; le Polain de Waroux, Yann; Tripler, Effi; Iwamura, Takuya (2021-09-01). "Land-use differences modify predator-prey interactions and Acacia vegetation in a hyperarid ecosystem". Journal of Arid Environments. 192: 104547. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2021.104547. ISSN 0140-1963.
  40. ^ "Wildlife Protection Law, 1955". GOV.IL. Retrieved 2023-03-03.

Sources

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  • Harrington, Fred; Paquet, Paul, eds. (1983). Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. Park Ridge, N.J.: Noyes Publications. ISBN 978-0-8155-0905-9.
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